The pneumatic braking system used on all North American freight cars, based on George Westinghouse's fail-safe design in which brakes apply automatically if air pressure is lost. The system uses a continuous brake pipe running the length of the train, fed by a locomotive compressor. FRA regulations govern brake testing requirements before each departure.
An electronic device attached to the rear coupler of the last car in a train that monitors rear brake pipe pressure, provides a flashing rear marker light, and communicates wirelessly with the locomotive. The EOT replaced the traditional caboose and enables emergency brake applications from the rear of the train. FRA requires EOT devices on all freight trains over a specified length.
A safety system mandated by Congress after the 2008 Chatsworth collision that automatically enforces speed limits, prevents train-to-train collisions, and enforces temporary speed restrictions, overriding human error. PTC uses GPS, wireless communications, and digital track maps to monitor and control train movements in real time. All Class I railroads completed PTC implementation by the 2020 deadline.
A railcar that has been removed from service because it has a mechanical defect, damage, or other condition that makes it unsafe or unsuitable to move loaded. Bad-ordered cars are set out at a repair facility until they are inspected and restored to serviceable condition. The term is used as both a noun and a verb in railroad operations.
The U.S. Department of Transportation agency responsible for railroad safety regulation and enforcement, including track standards, equipment inspection, operating rules, and hazardous materials transportation. The FRA conducts safety inspections, investigates accidents, and issues emergency orders when immediate safety threats exist. It also administers federal rail investment programs.